Association of electrolyte imbalance, coagulopathy, procalcitonin and mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51248/.v43i5.2203Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, Electrolyte Imbalance, Coagulopathy, Procalcitonin, MortalityAbstract
Introduction and Aim: “SARS-CoV-2” (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2), a member of the coronavirus family, is the culprit behind COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). We intended to examine the risk factors for infection in patients presenting with corona virus in the emergency department and to report electrolyte disturbance, coagulopathy, procalcitonin, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. The aim was to examine how electrolytes, coagulation parameters, and procalcitonin are associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational analysis, information on 106 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was gathered, and survivors and non-survivors were further identified. Continuous parametric variables were statistically reported as Mean ±SD. Analysis was done on the relationship between biochemical markers and mortality.
Results: Substantially low Sodium (P = 0.09), Potassium (P = 0.01), and Chloride (P = 0.000) levels were identified in ‘severe COVID-19 patients’ with survivors than in non-survivors, although the p-value for chloride was significantly connected with non-survivors. No statistically significant data were reported for Prothrombin Time (PT). In patients in the survival group, there was an elevated International Normalized Ratio (INR) with a 0.05 p-value and a significant correlation (p = 0.04). With a p-value of 0.01 in both survivors and non-survivors, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was marginally elevated dimer values were discovered to be noticeably higher in both survivors and non-survivors, and they were substantially connected with a p-value of 0.05. With a p-value of 0.01 the surviving group was shown to have higher procalcitonin levels.
Conclusion: This analysis demonstrates that the extremity of COVID-19 is linked to acid-base imbalance, coagulopathy, and death.
References
Sajed, A.N., Amgain, K. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and the strategy for prevention. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;2(1):1-3.
Devendra, S., Vishnu, A. A review on the COVID-19, its history, diagnostic approaches, role of herbs and current world scenario. Biomedicine. 2021 Sep 7;41(2):328-332.
Chu, H., Chan, J.F., Wang, Y., Yuen, T.T., Chai, Y., Hou, Y., et al., Comparative replication and immune activation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in human lungs: an ex vivo study with implications for the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(6):1400-1409.
Yu, X., Ran, D., Wang, J., Quin, Y., Liu, R., Shi, X., et al., Unclear but present danger: An asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carrier. Genes and Diseases. 2020;7(4):558-566.
Kim, L., Garg, S., O’Halloran, A., Whitaker, M., Pham, H., Anderson, E.J., et al., Risk factors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized adults identified through the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;72(9):206-214.
Davies, N.G., Kucharski, A.J., Eggo, R.M., Gimma, A., Edmunds, W.J. Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 cases, deaths, and demand for hospital services in the UK: a modeling study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5(7):375-385.
Sablerolles, R.S.G., Lafeber, M., van Kempen, J.A.L., van de Loo, B.P.A., Boersma, E., Rietdijk, W.J.R., et al., Association between Clinical Frailty Scale score and hospital mortality in adult patients with COVID-19 (COMET): an international, multicentre, retrospective, observational cohort study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity. 2021;2(3):163-170.
Pourfridoni, M, Abbasnia, S.M., Shafaei, F., Razaviyan, J., Soureshjani, H. R. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in COVID-19 and their complications. BioMed Research International. 2021;(5): 6667047.
Bhalotra, A., Manchanda, G., Anand, R. Acid base balance and common electrolyte abnormalities. Obstetric and Gynecological Emergencies. 2011:345-346.
Putilina, M.V., Grishin, D.V. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) as a predictor of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: Potential treatment strategies. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2021;51(5):577-582.
Gomez-Mesa, J.E., Galindo-Coral, S., Montes, M.C., Martin, A.J.M. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2021;46(3):100742.
Iba, T., Levy, J.H., Connors, J.M., Warkentin, T.E., Thachil, J., Levi, M. The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy. Critical Care. 2020;24(1):1-8.
Mucha, S.R., Dugar, S., McCrae, K., Joseph, D., Bartholomew, J., Sacha, G. L., et al., Coagulopathy in COVID-19: Manifestations and Management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020;87(8):461-468.
McGonagle, D., O’Donnell, J.S., Sharif, K., Emery, P., Bridgewood, C. Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia. The Lancet Rheumatology. 2020;2(7):437-445.
Barrett, C.D., Moore, H.B., Yaffe, M.B., Moore, E.E., Interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19: a comment. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):2060-2063.
Lee, S.G., Fralick, M., Sholzberg, M. Coagulopathy associated with COVID-19. CMAJ. 2020;192(21):583-584.
Thachil, J., Agarwal, S. Understanding the COVID-19 coagulopathy spectrum. Anesthesia. 2020;75(11):1432-1436.
Levi, M., Hunt, B. J. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: An illustrated review. Research and practice in thrombosis and hemostasis. 2020;4(5):744-751.
O’Sullivan, J.M., McGonagle, D., Ward, S.E., Preston, R.J.S., O’Donnell, J.S. Endothelial cells orchestrate COVID-19 coagulopathy. The Lancet Haematology. 2020;7(8):553-555.
Miesbach, W., Makris, M. COVID-19: coagulopathy, risk of thrombosis, and the rationale for anticoagulation. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2020; 26: 107602962093 8149.
Xu, J.B., Xu, C., Zhang, R.B., Wu, M., Pan, C.K., Li, X.J., et al., Associations of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1): 15058.
Abbas, M., Ur Rehman, Ahmad, Z., Khan, S., Noor, S., Mazhar, R., et al., Levels of electrolytes, troponin, and association of O2 saturation with D–Dimer and ferritin in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2022;6(1):1054-1057.
Wang, R., He, M., Kang, Y. Hypophosphatemia at admission is associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021; 14: 5313-5322.
Valga, F., Monzon,T., Diaz, N.V., Santana, S.R., Aladro, S., Saavedra, R.D., et al., MO870 hypochloremia is associated with a greater incidence of pneumonia in chronic hemodialysis patients with COVID-19: A Center's experience. Nefrologia. 2022; doi: 10.1016/J.Nefro.2022.02.001
Fei, Y., Tang, N., Liu, H., Cao, W. Coagulation dysfunction. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2020;144 (10):1223-1229.
Li, Y., Zhao, K., Wei, H., Chen, W., Wang, W., Jia, L., et al. Dynamic relationship between D-dimer and COVID-19 severity. British Journal of haematology. 2020; 190(1): e24-e27.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Biomedicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Plum Analytics
