Biomedicine

Abstract

Introduction and Aim: Thyroid disorders, prevalent globally, represent a significant public health issue in India, where approximately 42 million individuals are affected. This study investigates the biochemical, immunological, and inflammatory profiles associated with thyroid dysfunction in northwestern Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted with 225 participants from Teerthanker Mahaveer University and Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital and Research Center, categorized into hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, and euthyroid groups. Data collection involved biochemical analysis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH), lipid profiles (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, & VLDL), glycemic indices (Fasting Blood Glucose & HbA1c), and inflammatory markers (CRP), alongside immunological assessment of anti-thyroid antibodies (Anti-TPO, Anti-TG). Results: Thyroid function tests revealed significantly elevated TSH levels in hypothyroid subjects and T3 levels in hyperthyroid subjects. Hypothyroid individuals showed higher BMI, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, while hyperthyroid individuals had elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Elevated anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies were noted across both thyroid dysfunction groups, indicating an autoimmune component. Inflammatory marker CRP levels were significantly higher in hypothyroid patients. Significant gender differences were observed, with a higher proportion of females in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups compared to euthyroid individuals. Conclusion: These findings underscore the impact of thyroid disorders on metabolic and inflammatory pathways, emphasizing the need for tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The study highlights the complex interplay between thyroid dysfunction and various health markers, advocating for integrated approaches to enhance the management and understanding of thyroid disorders in the Indian context.