Volume: 43 Issue: 1
Year: 2023, Page: 444-449, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51248/.v43i01.1630
Introduction and Aim: Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder worldwide. Thyroid disorders have symptoms like major depressive disorder (MDD). Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with increasing anxiety in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This study aimed to evaluate thyroid status in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a 17-months period. Diagnosis was made using DSM 5 (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Criteria). Estimation of serum free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and ultrasensitive thyroid stimulating hormone (U-TSH) was done by ELISA. The study included 126 patients, 66 GAD and 60 MDD patients.
Results: In both GAD and MDD, females outnumbered males. Age-group and disorder-type had significant association. In GAD and MDD, the mean values of FT3, FT4 and U-TSH were all within normal range. Among GAD patients, maximum were euthyroids followed by hyperthyroids and hypothyroids. In MDD patients, maximum were euthyroids followed by hypothyroids and hyperthyroids. The percentage of abnormal thyroid status in GAD and MDD were 21.2% and 23.3 % respectively.
Conclusion: Abnormal thyroid status is prevalent in both GAD and MDD patients with differences in thyroid response. Thyroid profile may play and important role in proper management of the diseases.
Keywords: Depression; anxiety; thyroid hormone
1. Hazarika, J., Kalita, K.N., Sharma, M., Saikia, S., Patangia, P., Hazarika, P., et al., Thyroid profile in depression: a cross-sectional study from North-East India. Int J Res Med Sci 2017 Mar; 5(3):1066-1070.
2. Shaista, S., Dhananjay, B. Thyroid hormones in female patients with depression. Int Med J 2017 Nov; 03(11):922-925.
3. Sadock, B. Mood disorders. In: Sadock B, Ruiz P, Sadock V, editors. Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.p. 347.
4. Charnsi, C., Pilakanta, S. Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction, and Its Relationship with the severity of Major Depressive Disorder. Ann Psychiatry Ment. Health [serial online] 2016;4(6):1081. Available from: http://www.aseanjournalofpsychiatry.org/index.php/aseanjournalofpsychiatry/article/view/477.
5. Gupta, S., Mukherjee, A., Biswas, S., Bose, S., Nath, S., Das, H. N. Evaluation of Endocrine Parameters as Predictor of Major Depressive Disorder. Indian J Psychol Med 2017 Nov-Dec; 39(6):766-769.
6. Hage, M.P., Azar, S.T. The Link between Thyroid Function and Depression. J Thyroid Res [serial online] 2012 [cited 2019 July 29]; 2012:590648. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246784/.
7. Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. DiagloguesClinNeurisci. 2015 Sep;17(3):327-335.
8. Khan, S., Khan, R.A. Chronic Stress Leads to Anxiety and Depression. Ann Psychiatry Ment Health 2017;5(1):1091.
9. Sadock, B. Anxiety disorders. In: Sadock, B., Ruiz, P., Sadock, V., editors. Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.p. 407.
10. Bathla, M., Singh, M., Relan, P. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocr Metab 2016;20(4):468-474.
11. Sait, G.M., Kisakol, G., Savas Cilli, A., Dikbas, O., Gungor, K., Inal, A., et al., Assessment of Anxiety in Subclinical Thyroid Disorders. Endocrine Journal. 2004;51(3):311-315.
12. Constant, E., Adam, S., Seron, X., Bruyer, R., Seghers, A., Daumerie, C. Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2005 Sep;11(5):535-544.
13. Demet, M.M., Ozmen, B., Deveci, A., Boyvada, S., Adiguzel, H., Aydemir, O. Depression and Anxiety in Hyperthyroidism. Arch Med Res 2002 Nov;33(6):552-556
14. Mahendra, T.K., Prerna, D.N., Prashant, V.D., Lokhande, S. L., Prajakta, G.B. Thyroid Function and Mental Disorders: An Insight into the Complex Interaction. J Clin and Diag Res. 2013 Jan; 7(1): 11-14.
15. Zhicheng, L., Yuqian, L., Yitan, H., Xiaotian, L., Jingjing, J., Yan, W., et al., Gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in a Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study. BMC Public Health.2019;19(1744): 1-2.
16. Dreimuller, N., Lieb, K., Tadic, A., Engelmann, J., Wollschlager, D., Wagner, S. Body mass index (BMI) in major depressive disorder and its effects on depressive symptomatology and antidepressant response. J Affect Disord. 2019 Sep 1;256: 524-531.
17. Habib, E. The association between anxiety and depression with 25(OH)D and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Neurosciences 2019; 24 (4):290-295.
18. Wysokiński, A., Kłoszewska, I. Level of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in Patients with Acute Schizophrenia, Unipolar Depression, or bipolar disorder. Neurochem Res. 2014;39(7):1245-1253.
19. Saxena, J., Singh, P.N., Srivastava, U., Siddiqui A. I. A study of thyroid hormones (T3, T4 & TSH) in patients of depression. Ind J Psychiatry. 2000; 42 (3): 243-246.
20. Yazmin, S.Z.S., Umar, N.A., Hambali, Z., Razali, R., Rizal, Md., Abdul, M. Subclinical hypothyroidism among patients with depressive disorders. Malaysian J Med and Health Sci. 2014 June;10(2):71-78.
Donald Tokpam, R.K. Vidyabati Devi, T. Rajen Singh, Wahengbam Panthoi Chanu. Study of thyroid profile among patients with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in a tertiary care center. Biomedicine: 2023; 43(1): 444-449