Volume: 43 Issue: 1
Year: 2023, Page: 249-258, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51248/.v43i01.2124
Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hold a centre stage in the vast arena of research in nanomedicine. Biological methods of synthesis of nanoparticles are being adopted to avoid the use of chemicals that are toxic and hazardous and used in chemical synthetic methods. The choice of the plant extracts used for the synthesis of AgNPs is based on their phytochemicals and pharmaceutical properties. Another importance of the phytosynthesis method is that it is simple, easy, fast, reliable and cost effective. The phytochemical components of the herbal extracts not only cause reduction of Ag+1 to Ag0, but also increase the biological activities of the nanoparticles. This article briefly describes the research on green synthesis of AgNPs using Indian medicinal plant extracts. We aim to provide a systemic depth of information regarding the effect of various reaction factors during the synthesis of AgNPs such as the concentration of silver salt and phytoextract, light intensity, time, temperature, pH of the reaction mixture. The characterizations of nanoparticles are done by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analysis. The phytochemicals and pharmaceutical activities present in the plant extracts are also reported here. The articles from 2011 to 2022 were selected and studied in detail to get in-depth knowledge about the phytosynthesis of AgNPs and their biological activities.
Keywords: phytosynthesis; silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); Indian medicinal plants; pharmacological activities; biological activity.
1. Singh, S., Kumar, S. Medicinal plant sector in India: Status and sustainability. Int J Econ Plants [Internet]. 2021;8(2): 81-85.
2. Sharma, V.; Kaushik, S.; Pandit, P.; Dhull, D.; Yadav, J.P.; Kaushik, S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants and evaluation of their antiviral potential against Chikungunya virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol [Internet]. 2019;103: 881-891.
3. Devi, N. S.; Padma, Y., Venkata Raju, R. R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through reduction with Euphorbia Nivulia buch. ham., stem bark extract: Characterization and antimicrobial activity. J. Pharmacogn. Phyther [Internet]. 2021;13: 60-67.
4. Elangovan, M.; Ramachandran, D.; Rajesh, K. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using flower extract of Hemigraphis Colorata as reducing agent and its biological activity. Lett Appl NanoBioScience [Internet]. 2021;10: 2646-2654.
5. Lokapur V., Jayakar V., Divakar M.S., Chalannavar R.K., Lasrado L., Shantaram M. ZnO nanoparticles with spectroscopically controlled morphology, bioinspired from Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz and delving its antioxidant and anticancer potential on A498 cell line. Materials Today Communications. 2022 Jun 1; 31: 103338.
6. Fatimah, I.; Aftrid, Z.H.V.I. Characteristics and antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) leaf extract. Green Chem Lett Rev [Internet]. 2019;12: 25-30.
7. Edison, T.J.I.; Sethuraman, M.G. Instant green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Terminalia chebula fruit extract and evaluation of their catalytic activity on reduction of methylene blue. Process Biochem [Internet]. 2012;47: 1351-1357.
8. Ojha, S.; Sett, A.; Bora, U. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Ricinus Communis Var. Carmencita leaf extract and its antibacterial study. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol [Internet]. 2017;8. doi:10.1088/2043-6254/aa724b.
9. Bharadwaj, K.K.; Rabha, B.; Pati, S.; Choudhury, B.K.; Sarkar, T.; Gogoi, S.K.; et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Diospyros malabarica fruit extract and assessments of their antimicrobial, anticancer and catalytic reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-Np). Nanomaterials [Internet]. 2021;11. doi:10.3390/nano11081999.
10. Nghilokwa, E.; Sokei, J.; Mwitari, P.; Maina, N. Sub-acute and chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Azadirachta indica extract. Afr J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2020;19: 320-331.
11. Khalil, M.M.H.; Ismail, E.H.; El-Baghdady, K.Z.; Mohamed, D. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. Arab J Chem [Internet]. 2014;7: 1131-1139.
12. Sivakumar, R. S., Sridhar, V., Abdul, K. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and sewage treatment of synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Hygrophila auriculata (Schumsch) Heine. IAJPS [Internet]. 2017;4(08): 2350-2361.
13. Aritonang, H.F.; Koleangan, H.; Wuntu, A.D. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of medicinal plants’ (Impatiens balsamina and Lantana camara) fresh leaves and analysis of antimicrobial activity. Int J Microbiol
[Internet]. 2019;2019. doi:10.1155/2019/8642303.
14. Niraimathi, K.L.; Lavanya, R.; Sudha, V.; Brindha, P. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Basella Alba and their in-Vitro antioxidant potentials. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2014;6: 393-396.
15. Sahni, G.; Panwar, A.; Kaur, B. Controlled green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Allium Cepa and Musa Acuminata with strong antimicrobial activity. Int Nano Lett [Internet]. 2015;5: 93-100.
16. Logaranjan, K.; Raiza, A.J.; Gopinath, S.C.B.; Chen, Y.; Pandian, K. Shape- and size-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe Vera plant extract and their antimicrobial activity. Nanoscale Res Lett [Internet]. 2016;11. doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1725-x.
17. Jayakar V., Lokapur V., Nityasree B.R., Chalannavar R.K., Lasrado L.D., Shantaram M. Optimization and green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle using Garcinia cambogia leaf and evaluation of their antioxidant and anticancer property in kidney cancer (A498) cell lines. Biomedicine. 2021 Jul 7; 41(2): 206-22.
18. Muthu, K.; Priya, S. Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles using Cassia auriculata flower extract separated fraction. Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc [Internet]. 2017;179: 66-72.
19. Gabriela, A. M.; Gabriela, M. de O.V.; Luis, A.M.; Reinaldo, P.R.; Michael, H.M.; Rodolfo, G.P.; et al., Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mint leaf extract (Mentha Piperita) and their antibacterial activity. Adv Sci Eng Med [Internet]. 2017;9: 914-923.
20. Sun, Q.; Cai, X.; Li, J.; Zheng, M.; Chen, Z.; Yu, C.P. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using tea leaf extract and evaluation of their stability and antibacterial activity. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng Asp [Internet]. 2014;444: 226-231.
21. Jain, S.; Mehata, M.S. Medicinal plant leaf extract and pure flavonoid mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antibacterial property. Sci. Rep [Internet]. 2017;7: 1-13.
22. Mishra, A.K.; Tiwari, K.N.; Saini, R.; Kumar, P.; Mishra, S.K.; Yadav, V.B.; et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and assessment of its antioxidant, antimicrobial response. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater [Internet]. 2019. doi:10.1007/s10904-019-01392-w
23. Chutrakulwong, F.; Thamaphat, K.; Limsuwan, P. Photo-irradiation induced green synthesis of highly stable silver nanoparticles using durian rind biomass: Effects of light intensity, exposure time and pH on silver nanoparticles formation. J Phys Commun [Internet]. 2020;4: 1-10.
24. Birla, S.S.; Gaikwad, S.C.; Gade, A.K.; Rai, M.K. Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Fusarium Oxysporum by optimizing physicocultural conditions. Sci World J [Internet]. 2013;2013.
25. Kolya, H.; Maiti, P.; Pandey, A.; Tripathy, T. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial and azo dye (congo red) degradation properties using Amaranthus gangeticus Linn leaf extract. J Anal Sci Technol [Internet]. 2015;6: 4-10.
26. Mukundan, D.; Mohankumar, R.; Vasanthakumari, R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves extract of Bauhinia Tomentosa Linn and its invitro anticancer potential. Mater Today Proc [Internet]. 2015;2: 4309-4316.
27. Shameli, K.; Ahmad, M. Bin; Zamanian, A.; Sangpour, P. Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Curcuma longa tuber powder. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2012;7: 5603-5610.
28. Masum, M.I.; Siddiqa, M.M.; Ali, K.A.; Zhang, Y.; Abdallah, Y.; Ibrahim, E.; et al., Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus Emblica fruit extract and its inhibitory action against the pathogen Acidovorax oryzaestra in RS-2 of rice bacterial brown stripe. Front
Microbiol [Internet]. 2019;10: 1-18.
29. Gopinath, V.; MubarakAli, D.; Priyadarshini, S.; Priyadharsshini, N.M.; Thajuddin, N.; Velusamy, P. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tribulus Terrestris and its antimicrobial activity: A novel biological approach. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces [Internet]. 2012;96: 69-74.
30. Ren, Y. Vu; Yang, H.; Wang, T.; Wang, C. Green synthesis and antimicrobial activity of monodisperse silver nanoparticles synthesized using Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Phys Lett Sect A Gen At Solid State Phys [Internet]. 2016;380: 3773-3777.
31. Dixit, K. A., Khan, S. N. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. WJPR [Internet]. 2017;6: 1095-1105.
32. Ponarulselvam, S.; Panneerselvam, C.; Murugan, K.; Aarthi, N.; Kalimuthu, K.; Thangamani, S. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn. G. Don and their antiplasmodial activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed [Internet]. 2012;2: 574-580.
33. Pavithra Bharathi, V.; Ragavendran, C.; Murugan, N.; Natarajan, D. Ipomoea batatas (convolvulaceae) mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for controlling mosquito vectors of Aedes albopictus, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera:Culicidae). Artif Cells Nanomedicine Biotechnol [Internet]. 2017;45: 1568-1580.
34. Devi, M.; Devi, S.; Sharma, V.; Rana, N.; Bhatia, R.K.; Bhatt, A.K. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using methanolic fruit extract of Aegle marmelos and their antimicrobial potential against human bacterial pathogens. J Tradit Complement Med [Internet]. 2020;10: 158-165.
35. Kumara Swamy, M.; Sudipta, K.M.; Jayanta, K.; Balasubramanya, S. The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Leptadenia reticulata leaf extract. Appl Nanosci [Internet]. 2015;5: 73-81.
36. Varghese, R.; Almalki, M.A.; Ilavenil, S.; Rebecca, J.; Choi, K.C. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using the seed extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. and their antimicrobial mechanism and anticancer properties. Saudi J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2019;26: 148-154.
37. Menon, S.; Agarwal, H.; Rajesh Kumar, S.; Venkat Kumar, S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using medicinal plant Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its application as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent against foodborne pathogens. Int J Appl Pharm [Internet]. 2017;9: 42-50.
38. Sundeep, D.; Vijaya Kumar, T.; Rao, P.S.S.; Ravikumar, R.V.S.S.N.; Gopala Krishna, A. Green synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles from Mangifera indica leaves for dental restoration and antibacterial applications. Prog. Biomater [Internet]. 2017;6: 57-66.
39. Banala, R.R.; Nagati, V.B.; Karnati, P.R. Green synthesis and characterization of Carica papaya leaf extract coated silver nanoparticles through X-Ray diffraction, electron microscopy and evaluation of bactericidal properties. Saudi J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2015;22: 637-644.
40. Elavazhagan, T.; Arunachalam, K.D. Memecylon edule leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2011;6: 1265-1278.
41. Philip, D.; Unni, C.; Aromal, S.A.; Vidhu, V.K. Murraya koenigii leaf-assisted rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. Spectrochim. Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc [Internet]. 2011;78: 899-904.
42. Ghosh, S.; Patil, S.; Ahire, M.; Kitture, R.; Kale, S.; Pardesi, K.; et al., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract and evaluation of its synergistic potential in combination with antimicrobial agents. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2012;7: 483-496.
43. Kpj, H.; Shantakani, S.; Botcha, S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous fruit and tuber extracts of Momordica cymbalaria. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol [Internet]. 2021;30: 196-204.
44. Tripathi, D.; Modi, A.; Smita, S.S.; Narayan, G.; Pandey- Rai, S. Biomedical potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from root extract of Asparagus officinalis. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol [Internet]. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-021-00684-y
45. Siddiqui, M.Z.; Chowdhury, A.R.; Singh, B.R.; Maurya, S.; Prasad, N. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of piyar gum-Induced silver nanoparticles. Natl Acad Sci Lett [Internet]. 2021;44: 203-208.
46. Awad, M.A.; Al Olayan, E.M.; Siddiqui, M.I.; Merghani, N.M.; Alsaif, S.S.A. llah; Aloufi, A.S. Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, in Vivo and in Vitro assessment. Biomed Pharmacother [Internet]. 2021;137: 111294. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111294.
47. Haydar, H.; Mohammed, S. Leishmanicidal activity of Fusarium silver nanoparticles against Leishmania donovani in Vitro study. Biochem Cell Arch [Internet]. 2018;18: 591-596.
48. Lokapur V., Jayakar V., Shantaram M. Preliminary phytochemical screening, physicochemical analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of selected Holigarna species-Endemic plant species of Western Ghats. Biomedicine. 2020; 40(4): 460-466.
49. Lokapur V., Jayakar V., Shantaram M. Phytochemical investigation, chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of various crude extracts of Holigarna ferrugenia Marchand. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries. 2022; 14(1): 72-83.
50. Jayakar V., Lokapur V., Shantaram M. In-vitro antioxidant and selective cytotoxicity of Garcinia cambogia and Garcinia indica leaf extracts on human kidney cancer cell line. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021 Jul 5; 12(3): 1718-28.
Sima Sikdar, Mausumi Sikdar (nee Bhakta). The factors affecting optimisation of phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Indian medicinal plant species and their biological applications: A review. Biomedicine: 2023; 43(1): 249-258