Volume: 43 Issue: 3
Year: 2023, Page: 859-866, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51248/.v43i3.1453
Introduction and Aim: Coconut palm sugar (CPS) is a functional food comprising unique phytonutrients such as polyphenolics, minerals, inulin, etc., and has a low glycemic index (GI). Based on its distinctive biochemical composition, it was hypothesized that CPS would provide a glucose homeostatic effect. We investigated the effects of CPS oral administration in Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Materials and Methods: Diabetic Wistar rats were administered with different doses of CPS (200,400 and 800 mg/Kg body weight) and standard gliclazide (5 mg/Kg b.w.) for 28 days. Biochemical estimations for fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and antioxidant status were performed.
Results: Treatment with CPS significantly (P≤0.001) decreased the plasma glucose levels at 120 min after glucose load. Serum blood glucose, hepatic enzymes (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP)), total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were also decreased. However, levels of total serum protein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased in a significant manner. Pancreatic enzymatic antioxidant levels were restored, and lipid peroxidation was decreased by CPS.
Conclusion: CPS showed quite a few health benefits in diabetic rats by bringing back the glucose and lipid homeostasis to normal and yielded favorable outcomes in case of oxidative stress
Keywords: Coconut sugar; diabetes; lipid; antioxidant; oxidative stress.
1. Albert, K.G., Zimmet, P.Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation 13. Diabet Med. 1998;15:539-553.
2. Tripathi, B. K., Srivastava, A.K. Diabetes mellitus: complications and therapeutics. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12:130-147.
3. Venkateswaran, S., Pari, L. Effect of Coccinia indica leaves on antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;84:163-168.
4. Saat, M., Singh, R., Sirisinghe, R.G.,Nawawi, M. Rehydration after exercise with fresh young coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, and plain water. Journal
of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science 2002;21(2):93-104.
5. Van Immerseel, F., De Buck, J., Boyen, F., Bohez, L., Pasmans., Volf, J., et al., Medium-chain fatty acids decrease colonization and invasion through hilA suppression shortly after infection of chickens with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004;70(6):3582-3587.
6. Trinidad, T.P., Mallillin, A.C., Sagum, R.S., Encabo, R.R. Glycemic index of commonly consumed carbohydrate foods in the Philippines. Journal of Functional Foods. 2010;2:271-274.
7. Hebbar, K.B., Arivalagan, M., Manikantan, M.R., Mathew, A.C., Thamban, C., et al., Coconut inflorescence sap and its value addition as sugar–collection techniques, yield, properties, and market perspective. Current Sci. 2015;109(8):1411-1417.
8. Bowe, J.E., Franklin, Z.J., Hauge-Evans, A.C., King, A.J., Persaud, S.J., Jones P.M. Metabolic phenotyping guidelines: Assessing glucose homeostasis in rodent models. Journal of Endocrinology. 2014; 222(3):G13-25.
9. Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I., Fredrickson, D.S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry. 1972; 18(6):499-502.
10. Buege, J.A., Aust, S.D. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978; 52:302-310.
11. Jose, M., Varghese, V.I., Jayakar, V., Lokapur, V., Srinivasa, K., Shantaram, M. Analysis of oxidative stress induced by different tobacco samples and the protective effect by certain plant extracts. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2018;7(15):734-769.
12. Beauchamp, C., Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry 1971; 44(1):276-287.
13. Goldberg, D.M., Spooner, R.J. Assay of glutathione reductase. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis; Bergmeyen, HV, Ed.; Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, Germany, 1983; 258-265.
14. Sumathi, K., Dilliraj, G., Chaganti, S., Lalitha, S. Use of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a screening tool for vestibulopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomedicine. 2021 Oct 29;41(3):576-579.
15. Ramesh, S.V., Krishnan, V., Praveen, S., Hebbar, K.B. Coconut oil–scientific facts. Current Sci. 2019; 117 (4):564-565
16. Salil, G., Nithya, R., Nevin, K.G., Rajamohan, T. Dietary coconut kernel protein beneficially modulates NFκB and RAGE expression in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014; 51(9): 2141-2147.
17. Watford, M. Small amounts of dietary fructose dramatically increase hepatic glucose uptake through a novel mechanism of glucokinase activation. Nutrition reviews. 2002; 60(8): 253.
18. Srikaeo, K., Thongta, R. Effects of sugarcane, palm sugar, coconut sugar and sorbitol on starch digestibility and physicochemical properties of wheat-based foods. International Food Research Journal. 2015; 22(3): 923-929.
19. Trinidad, T.P., Mallillin, A.C., Avena, E.M., Rodriguez, G.R., Borlagdan, M.S., Cid, BBK., et al., Coconut sap sugar and syrup: a promising functional food/ingredient. Acta Manilana. 2015;63: 25-32.
20. Parhofer, K.G. Interaction between glucose and lipid metabolism: More than diabetic dyslipidemia. Diabetes and Metabolism – Journal. 2015;39(5): 353-362.
21. Goldberg, I. J. Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and consequences. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001;86 (3): 965-971.
22. Pari, L., Latha, M. Antihyperlipidemic effect of Scoparia dulcis (sweet broomweed) in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Med Food 2006; 9(1): 102-107.
23. Ling, P.R., Mueller, C., Smith, R.J., Bistrian, B.R. Hyperglycemia induced by glucose infusion causes hepatic oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, but not STAT3 or MAP kinase activation in liver in rats. Metab Clin Exp. 2003; 52:868-874
24. Marina, A.M., Che Man, Y.B., Nazimah, S.A.H., Amin, I. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil. Int. Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition 2009; 60:114-123.
25. Guzar, I., Ragaee, S., Seetharaman, K. Mechanism of hydrolysis of native and cooked starches from different botanical sources in the presence of tea extracts. J Food Sci.2012; 77: C1192-C1196.
26. Coe, S.A., Clegg, M., Armengol, M., Ryan, L. The polyphenol-rich baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) reduces starch digestion and glycemic response in humans. Nutrition Res. 2013; 33(11): 888-896.
27. Chen, N., Gao, H. X., He, Q., Yu, Z. L., Zeng, W.C. Interaction, and action mechanism of starch with different phenolic compounds. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2020;1-12.
Shilpa S. Shetty, Ramesh S.V., Arivalagan M., Roopashree P.G., Manikantan M.R., Hebbar K.B., Suchetha Kumari N. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) inflorescence sap-derived sugar restores the glucose and lipid homeostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rat model. Biomedicine: 2023; 43(3): 859-866