Biomedicine

Abstract

Introduction and Aim: Wearable biosensors represent a new era in digital health and biotechnology, offering non-invasive, continuous, and real-time monitoring of physiological and biochemical parameters. This review discusses their classification, applications, technological development, and future potential in disease prediction and personalized medicine. Materials and Methods: Relevant literature on past, present, and emerging wearable biosensors was analyzed, covering sensor types, operational principles, connectivity (wired and wireless), and integration with advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and next-generation wireless communication. Sources were selected based on their relevance to real-time health monitoring and disease prediction. Results: Wearable biosensors are broadly divided into biophysiological sensors, which measure parameters such as heart rate, temperature, and motion, and biochemical sensors, which detect bioanalytes in biological fluids like sweat, saliva, and interstitial fluid. Major applications include blood glucose monitoring, cardiovascular assessment, pulmonary function tracking, and evaluation of mental health and sleep patterns. The combination of AI, cloud systems, and wireless networks enhances diagnostic precision and predictive accuracy. Market reports project the wearable biosensor industry to surpass USD 60 billion by 2030, with an annual growth rate exceeding 12%, indicating expanding research and adoption. Conclusion: Wearable biosensors are transforming healthcare by enabling proactive, personalized, and remote medical management. Despite challenges in biocompatibility, stability, data security, and regulation, advances in flexible materials, energy-efficient designs, and AI-based systems continue to drive their evolution and clinical integration.